Human Development : Whose responsiblities?

     The elaborate discussions of Human Development (HD) Strategy as proffered in a paper i recently read begin with the question whether HD is an end or means of development. HD is a method to attain the potential of the people by using and improving their capabilities, and by necessary implication, this means the empowerment of the people to enable them to participate actively in their own development. HD is also a means, for in the process of attaining the objective, it is necessary that their skills, capabilities, potentials, productivity, knowledge and inventiveness be also enhanced. This is done through the progression of formation of human capital. HD is therefore a people-centered strategy of development as opposed to good-centered or production centered strategy usually banked upon in ordinary economic development strategies.

      A development anchored on people-centered strategy raises the question on the role of the state in this process. It raises the question on how the power of the state must be exercise. It seriously questions the concentration of power of authority of the state. On which platform of governance should the state plays their role, on a centralized system of governance or decentralized
approach? Many states, who has a high rate in HD Index, approached their HD strategies in a centralized system of governance while many states also possesses HD best practices through decentralized system of governance approach.

     Aristotle of the ancient Greece once said “Wealth is evidently not the good we are seeking, for it is merely useful for the sake of something else.”  For me, having worked previously in community development in the Philippines both through Non-Government Organizations and Government Organizations, the issue whether HD development strategies should be approached on a centralized system or decentralized system of governance is immaterial or a minor issue at best. Both the Central Government and Local Government can work in complementarily to attain and achieved the objectives of  HD without strain and conflicts. What is important in HD strategy is that the people, in the course of the implementation of the strategies, are empowered and in the end, the people themselves can identify what they want, know their dreams and aspirations, pinpoint the hurdles that obstructs them in attaining those objectives, be capable to identify and implement their priorities, come up with concrete actions to attain those objectives, and be able to implement those concrete actions all by themselves using resources available to them or in the community.

      Suffice it to say, HD should be an initiative or intervention by the people, for the people and of the people. HD should be a process that is organized and undertaken by the people themselves. People participation is an important element in the development participation and one important role of the government, whether its authority is centralized or not, is to allow the development of supporting institutions that will permit and encourage people to partake in the process of development. Thus, it is safe to concur that a society that enables people participation, not hinders them, is a critical element in the HD approach.

     HD is the creation of society of enabled and participating people, allowing them to pursue their dreams and aspirations,
enabling them to use their potentials and lead a productive and creative lives based on their needs and interests. HD is more than GDPs and PPPs. HD is about allowing the people to create a productive future for, and by, them and live a life they value. HD is the development of the people – the true wealth of a nation, and expanding their choice. HD is more than figures and numbers of gross domestic incomes or purchasing power parity; it is about increasing their opportunity to live a productive life.

     Enabling people is a fundamental element of increasing their choice. This means that human capabilities (Human Resource
Development) should also be built and expanded. Included in this capabilities are the ability to lead a long and healthy life (access to health and medicine), be knowledgeable (access to education and skills enhancing trainings), to be able to tap resources for a decent standard of living (access to livelihood, employment, and productive endeavors) and to be able to be heard (participation in the policy making process and governmental interventions). Without these basic capabilities, people’s opportunities and choices are limited and shall remain inaccessible.

      It seems therefore to me that HD is intertwined with the objectives of Human Rights (HR). Both HD and HR share the common goal – that is human freedom, whether it is “Freedom from want” and/or “Freedom from Fear”. Freedom is primordial in pursuit if this expansion of capabilities and realization of these rights. HD espouses the freedom of the people to exercise their choice and be able to participate in the policy making especially from those decisions of the government that affects their lives. HR espouses the same. Thus HD and HR are reciprocally reinforcing. Both aims to ensure the well being of the people, enable them to uphold their dignity, build respect for themselves, and respect for the others. 

      Thus, in concurrence with Aristotle, human well being should be the end purpose of development. In our concern for the accumulation of financial wealth and goods, let us not lose sight of this end. But it is not to say that in the pursuit of HD, normative economic development should also be disregarded. Both should come hand in hand and in equal footing. None should subsume the other.

The Economic Potential of People in Poverty in the Philippines: A Social Development on Individualist Approach

     Social development on the perspective of individualist approach proffers the main idea that the welfare of the whole society is enhanced when individuals strive to promote their own welfare. This however  should not be construed on the context of laissez-faire principle which connotes freedom from interference. Under the former, it is more of a cross breed between the laissez-faire
and Interventionist approach. Nevertheless, individualist approach argues in favor of specific interventions by governments within the context of a market economy.

     Further, this approach can only succeed if there is an enabling environment that will permit the individuals to express their fullest
potential as rational economic animals. The role of the economy is indispensable for this approach to succeed. The needs for action to maximize opportunities for individuals to participate and function in the market are emphasized. It is called “the  enterprise culture”. And finally, the government should guide or direct the process of economic growth through institution building or institutional development.

     Highlighted in this approach is the role of the “informal sector”. It is described, not defined, as the economy sector that are heterogeneous in terms of activities and incomes; activities can be easily entered and , too, can be easily exited due to high rate of failure; and extent to which informal activities can enable a decent income with adequate working conditions. Sometimes, I might add that some of these economic activities border on illegalities but nevertheless contributes to the economic life of their family, the basic unit of a society. This explosion of informal sector in developing countries is not brought about by a deliberate economic strategy.  Far from that, instead, these sector came about due to the fact that those in power ignore the needs of the majority, thus, people, in order to survive have to rely on their own resourcefulness to meet their needs.

     Lastly, social workers dispense a dose of their insights by saying that social development goals can be best promoted when  people learn to function competently and when they establish effective relationships with each other. Frank Paiva (1977) defined social development as process of enhancing the capacity of individuals to work for their own and society’s welfare.

     I have this to say… it is my conviction that people in poverty should not be treated as people who “have nothing” but should be people who “have little”.  People in poverty, PIPs for the purpose of this article, had been traditionally viewed as people who have nothing thus must be provided. No matter how noble the purpose may be, the result, and even the process, aggravates the situation instead of helping them. I had learned so far in this course that there is more in poverty or in social development than having only the food to eat or the basic necessities that one need to striive. Social development is to be accepted and be treated as a human in the grasp of an unequal society. In treating them as “have nothing”, we will just be creating a society of
“welfarism” at best, or a “society of beggars” at worst.

     I believe that the better perspective is to look at PIP as “have little”. This means they can and they have something to contribute no matter how little it is. This is where the informal sector is brought to light. It is this “little” that must be developed and be made as “more”. In this perspective, strategies of development must focus on the positive capability of PIP to be more productive than they are now. Yes, PIPs are productive people. Productive in a sense that no matter how poor they may be or how little they may have yet they still have some contributions to the economy and the society.

     A family in poverty is not an idle family. A mother may sell candies and cigarette in the streets of Manila, while the father is in the garbage dump scavenging for reusable or recyclable items to sell, and the children are out there somewhere in the streets shining shoes, selling newspapers, asking alms, or even running drugs, for a fee, for a local drug gang. At the end of the day, what they earned will be used for food for that day, kerosene for their lamp in their 2 meters x 2 meters cardboard house under a bridge and, if lucky enough, a sachet of coffee for tomorrow before they hit the streets again. By buying food, they add to the household consumption figure or even to the gross receipts and income of the store where they brought their food, thus, contributing to the totality of the economy of a country.

     It is this potential (or capabilities as Sen said) of the PIPs to earn and to engage in livelihood in the harshest condition that must be given positive focus of those in power if they truly desire to alleviate these people in poverty instead of trying to eradicate them by mere relocations or giving them livelihood or jobs that mismatched their potentials. I believe that by recognizing what is due to them and what are their capabilities to acquire what is due to them will change the whole scheme of things.

     I firmly believe that strategies in social development, as viewed from the individualist perspective, must first treat this PIPs with
integrity. We must give them the opportunity to enhance their positive potentials through constructive economic activities. And in the end, we give them recognition due to them, the respect or dignity of attention and choices previously reserved for middle class and the rich, and the fair treatment by putting premium on what they have, and what they can do. Is it not that social development or human development as the end objective of economic development is development of people’s capabilities and expansion of their potentials and freedom, as a means and as an end, is all about?

     Secondly, the Philippines’ experience in this informal sector comes to my mind. I work in a local government unit and one of the primordial delegated functions to our office is to be in the frontline of these informal sectors; and developed and integrates them into the formal sector by establishing the needed environment (or the enterprise culture as the article had said) and opportunities conducive to the growth and development of the micro and small enterprise. In short, we must transform the institution that exist so that it empowers people towards an enterprising culture or activities, albeit, the Philippines and its local governments has no comprehensive theory how to support institution that enable this kind of empowerment. I shall reserve however my comment on that matter for the second and third chapter of this topic on social development strategies.

     But the point is, our experience taught us not to look into these PIPs as burden. Instead, we should look upon them as a partner in development and a customer of the private sector. In short, a market of business opportunities waiting to be tapped. In a global scale, if we are going to look into the figures by UNDP data of 2007, there are 1.2 billion people living in $1 dollar a day in a world population of 6.1 billion. That means we have about $14 trillion per year on purchasing power waiting to be developed, bigger than Japan, Germany, Italy, France and UK’s Gross Domestic Products all  combined.

     Sadly, it is not the government sector that had realized this potential in the Philippine’s experience. It is the Private sector that realized this perspective and tailored fit their businesses strategies to tap this informal sector, thus, jumpstarting the culture of “tingi” (literally means by piece). In this business strategy, products and services are developed, marketed, and sold, per piece not by the dozens or bulks, thus allowing the informal sector to tap this products and services. Id est., it will be quite ordinary in the Philippines that PIPs selling shampoos and conditioners in sachets, or bar soaps in little squares, packs of ¼ kilo hotdogs, cell phone loads at 10 pesos (26 Yen) for 3 minutes call or 10 text messages, thus, allowing PIPs more access to creative business opportunities. Large Filipino corporations engaged in healthy competition by providing rolling stores, uniforms, and other marketing paraphernalia to these people thus bringing a semblance of “formality” in the livelihood activities of this “informal” sector.

     In the end, the private sector may be thinking about profit in venturing on this individualist perspective of economic endeavor, but the end point is that, they provided opportunities for these people living in a $1 dollar a day to engage in business more legitimate, more respectable, and earning more than their previous livelihood of washing clothes, scavenging, or shining shoes. Usually, this small entrepreneurial activity is combined with other equally small entrepreneurial activities such as selling cooked food in packs, sandwiches or the likes.

     Unnoticed, these small activities became now collectively large that it already comprised majority of the economic force of the country. I believe that this economic development approach based on the individualist strategy is a sustainable strategy having been said that the driving force of this economic production machine is within or internally driven. But it is not to say that the private sector does not need capital infusion in the end. The Philippines have a very large informal sector and the private sector needs much more resources to fully tap its potential. At this point, it safe to conclude that, in an individualist approach, we can enable dignity and choice through the existing modalities of free markets.

Participatory Development on Social Development

Cyl Bryan Bagadiong, International Relations, MUGSGS

On the developmental spheres, it is said that flawed premise breeds flawed model of development, thus, produces flawed explanatory constructs and flawed practices.

It is on this note that this reflective and theoretical discourse  will take off in its attempt to take a closer look at participatory development as an approach or method to implement social development initiatives which is making wave, not only in this part of the globe, but in Europe and Africa.
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DISCOURSE ON THE REGIONALIZATION IN JAPAN AND THE PHILIPPINES: A COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE

Cyl Bryan A. Bagadiong, JDS Fellow

 Meiji University Graduate School of Governance Studies

I.                    INTRODUCTION

Japan and the Philippines are entirely of two different worlds. The two countries do not share any common culture and history except for a brief period in 1942-1945 when the Philippines had been subjugated by Japan in World War II. In that brief interlude, both countries had been ruled in the name of one Ruler – His majesty the Emperor of Japan; and both country sports a paper money with the same emblem – the emblem of the royal family of Japan. Except for that, nothing can be said to be the same with the two countries. Even the existence of both in one geopolitical hemisphere of Asia, the Philippines did not fully assimilate the “Asian culture”. Instead, it retained the “Hispanic culture”, thus,  even highlighting more the differences of the two countries.

But today, the two countries seem to take the same path. Until recently when both of the country faces the same issue – the growing domestic demand to go one step further with each of the government’s decentralization efforts and the practical needs of government convergence. Both, at first glance, are experiencing the same demands and needs from its people. Looking both at their experiences and their choice of response to the demands of convergence and needs of decentralization is quite academically interesting. Thus, this paper will discourse a common theme which is hot on both the country’s menu of administrative reforms – regionalization.
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“Strong Republic”: An Analysis of the Philippine Political Economy in the context of Developmental State Model

Cyl Bryan A. Bagadiong, Developmental Politics, Meiji University Graduate School of Governance Studies

I.             Abstract

The present political economy of the Philippines, dubbed as “Strong Republic” and inaugurated last July 22, 2002, reinforces its being as a mixed economy. But documentary evidences show that the Developmental State Models of the Asian Miracle Economies greatly influences the present economic doctrine of the Philippines that also serves as its guiding political ideology.

However, before one can conclude that it might as well as be a developmental state model especially if viewed upon the four thematic elements that this paper came up as viewing lenses, “Strong Republic” put in the middle of its strategy the Human Development Concept that neither of the developmental states had. While five years empirical data shows that the model works, it begs to ask the question, is it sustainable?

II.           Introduction

             The Philippines is at war. Its people are in revolt and no other than but the government called for the revolution. But unlike other typical warfare, this one doesn’t involve an enemy-state but nevertheless it is geared against an enemy of the state and its people.
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Digesting Onis’ Logic of Developmental State

Cyl Bryan A. Bagadiong, Meiji University, Graduate School of Governance Studies, Tokyo Japan

  Ziya Onis remembers that in 1950s until early 1960s, STRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY[1] is the prevailing sound doctrine in developmental policies. However, in late 1960s and early 1970s, this was replaced by the NEOCLASSICAL PARADIGMS[2]  which was the orthodox even prior to 1950s. On the former, State is a major player in the development while in the latter, free market must prevail. The latter attacks the former on three grounds: extensive state intervention develops inefficient industries; extensive government intervention develops large scale rent seeking; and the four East Asian Countries achieved extraordinary economic growth through a model which was characterized by market incentives and strong private sector.

In trying to explain the phenomenon of the East Asian’s economic growth,
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Japan and The Philippines Local Public Finance

Cyl Bryan Alberto Bagadiong, Local Public Finance, Meiji University Graduate School of Governance Studies

I.                    INTRODUCTION

Originally, the intent of this paper is to conduct a comparative study of Japan and The Philippines National Government Accounts for fiscal year 2007. Said purpose has the aim in view to paint a clear picture of fiscal dispositions of the two countries, hoping that these dispositions will shed light on the present priorities and fiscal policy directions of the said countries. In turn, it will, hopefully, make clear the reasons that lead the two countries to its present fiscal dispositions. In sum, the study aims to examine the responsiveness of the Fiscal Accounts of Japan and The Philippines through a preliminary study of the accounts listed in their respective expenditures and revenues for the fiscal year 2007 as supported by trends from 1990 to present.
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Poverty and Entitlements

Cyl Bryan A. Bagadiong, Meiji University Graduate School of Governance Studies

            When Sen postulated that Starvation is the characteristic of people not having enough food to eat, not there being not enough food to eat, Sen broken the usual and orthodox line of thinking regarding poverty which was prevalent at that time.

The postulation of entitlement approach in poverty and deprivation analysis put forward the relationship of food production in a network or mapping. He also put forward the concept of exchange of entitlement which on my understanding is the process of exchange for gathering of commodities, or producing them, and the purpose that defines the alternative set of bundles that the person can command in exchange for each of
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Essential Features of Human Development

Essential Features of Human Development

Cyl Bryan A. Bagadiong, International Relations, Meiji University Graduate School of Governance Studies

The elaborate discussions of Human Development (HD) Strategy as proffered in the paper begin with the question whether HD is an end or means of development. HD is a method to attain the potential of the people by using and improving their capabilities, and by necessary implication, this means the empowerment of the people to enable them to participate actively in their own development. HD is also a means, for in the process of attaining the objective, it is necessary that their skills, capabilities, potentials, productivity, knowledge and inventiveness be also enhanced. This is done through the progression of formation of human capital. HD is therefore a people-centered strategy of development as opposed to good-centered or production centered strategy usually banked upon in ordinary economic development strategies.

            A development anchored on people-centered strategy raises the question on
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Analysis of International Trade and Finance of Philippines

Cyl Bryan A. Bagadiong, Developmental Economics, Meiji University Graduate School of Governance Studies

(Insert Tables, Charts and Diagrams for Trade Data as shown in US dollars. Use the exchange rate of Average of Period, and convert them into domestic currency, Bop OVERTIME, cAPITAL aCCOUNT, Cash Account , and Over All Balance)

The Philippines’ 1983 to 2006 Balance of Payment, a systematic summary of its economic transactions to the rest of the world, reflects the country’s ever changing economic policy experimentations and inconsistencies. It also reflects how various internal and external factors affect its economy, thus reflecting a “boom and bust” trend as shown in Chart A below. Also, it explains the country’s quality, or lack thereof, of economic development.

The overall Balance of Payment (BoP) does not show any trend to derive a sound projection as shown by the blue bar in the below-mentioned chart, albeit, it can be seen that there were more blue bar that can be counted above the zero line. This means more incidences of surplus, as compared to incidence of deficit and balance. From 1983 to 1989, the BoP showed a picture registering
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“ACT for Peace”: Operationalizing the Human Security Concept

Cyl Bryan A. Bagadiong, Meiji University Graduate School of Governance Studies

 I.       Introduction

In recent years, the concept of national security has evolved from the previous state-centered national security to people-centered human security. It radically shifted its paradigm from the treat to territorial integrity to the seven threats comprising the twin freedoms - freedom from fear and freedom from want. In the course of various discourses regarding the concept of human security, various permutations of its definition had come up - from the original process of protecting the core of human lives (UNDP 1998) to a more comprehensive definition of process of securitization (Ray May 2006).

But critiques of the concept still abounds contesting and pondering whether the human security concept is nothing but a pure rhetoric. Thus, this paper came up with one objective: to determine whether or not Human Security Frameworks can be
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HUMAN SECURITY/DEVELOPMENT PROJECT NAME: “AHON PAMILYANG PINOY!”

Cyl Bryan A. Bagadiong, International Relations, Meiji University

CASE DESCRIPTION:

“Ahon” is a Filipino word which is a verb and means “to rise up from a submerged state” while “Pamilyang Pinoy” is a collective noun colloquially referring to a Filipino Family or Household (2 or more families in a house comprising the extended family such as grandparents of the children in the family). “Ahon Pamilyang Pinoy!”, means an exhortation to Filipino Families to rise from poverty.

In the Philippines, a POOR is an individual or a
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Human Security

By Cyl Bryan A. Bagadiong, International Relations

I.             INTRODUCTION

Globalization (Ogata, S. page 10, 2001) [i] and democratization (McRae, R., page 17, 2001)[ii]  brought radical changes to both the substantive and structural concept of human society. Today, nation and society are no longer confined and defined by territorial borders but are actually interdependent and intertwined with each other. Globalization and democratization processes incepted both opportunities and threats not only to the society of humans but more importantly to humans itself.

Along with this varied opportunities and threats that the processes had highlighted along; various institutions such as the United Nations (UN), Transnational Corporations (TNCs), Regional Entities and Civil Society Organizations responded differently but also with noted increased activities, more active involvements and more complex participation taking advantage of scientific development, institutional venues and information technologies available to the humans.

With these threats, the global society cannot afford fragmented and compartmentalized responses. For the response to be effective, it must be integrated – inclusive of issues on rights, security, humanitarian concerns and development – and with Human Security as objective.
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